Exploratory data analysis is an approach to analyzing data sets that emphasizes visualizing, summarizing and looking closely at the data itself, using simple graphical tools to find patterns, spot anomalies and check the assumptions behind a formal statistical model, before or instead of applying significance tests. John Tukey set out the approach and its name in his 1977 book Exploratory Data Analysis, introducing the box plot, a diagram summarizing a data set by its median, quartiles and extreme values, as one of its central tools. The approach reshaped statistical practice by treating data analysis as a process of open ended investigation rather than only the confirmation or rejection of a hypothesis fixed in advance.
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