University of Turin

The University of Turin is a public research university in the city of Turin, in the Piedmont region of Italy, and one of the oldest universities in Europe. It was founded as a studium in 1404 on the initiative of Prince Ludovico di Savoia. It was closed in 1536 after France invaded the Savoy lands and was reestablished by Duke Emmanuel Philibert thirty years later. Reforms under Victor Amadeus II made it a model for other universities. In the nineteenth century it became a reference point of Italian Positivism, with scholars such as Cesare Lombroso, Carlo Forlanini and Arturo Graf, and in the twentieth century it was one of the centres of Italian anti-fascism.