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The Signal That Took a Century

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The Signal That Took a Century

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On 14 September 2015, both arms of LIGO's twin observatories registered the same brief chirp, a signal rising in pitch and volume over about a fifth of a second before cutting off. It was the sound, translated into an audio frequency, of two black holes, each tens of times the mass of the Sun, spiraling into each other and merging more than a billion light years away. Einstein had predicted gravitational waves in 1916 as a consequence of general relativity, and had at times doubted they would ever be detectable, since by the time such a disturbance in spacetime reached Earth it would stretch and compress a four kilometer detector arm by a distance thousands of times smaller than a proton. Rainer Weiss worked out in the early 1970s how a laser interferometer, patient enough and isolated enough from every other source of vibration, could in principle see a wave that small. Kip Thorne supplied the theoretical picture of what such a detector would actually see from a black hole merger, and Barry Barish, brought in to direct the project in 1994, rebuilt it from a promising but underpowered pair of instruments into the large, disciplined international collaboration capable of building Advanced LIGO and running it long enough to catch a real event. All three shared the 2017 Nobel Prize in Physics for the result. The detection did more than confirm a hundred year old prediction. It opened an entirely new way of observing the universe, one that does not depend on light at all, and within a few years LIGO and its sister observatories had recorded dozens of further mergers, including the collision of two neutron stars watched simultaneously by telescopes across the electromagnetic spectrum.

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