Science Atlas

How We Know What We Know
Sign In
Text size
100%
Theme
Discipline

Statistics

Also Known As Stats
Formal Sciences

Statistics is the science of collecting, summarizing, and interpreting numerical data, and of measuring how much uncertainty attaches to the conclusions drawn from it. It has several distinct roots rather than one, probability theory from the seventeenth century, state record keeping and social statistics in the eighteenth and nineteenth, and the mathematical framework for testing hypotheses that Ronald Fisher and Karl Pearson built in the early twentieth century, so no single founding year is recorded here. This description is adapted from Wikipedia contributors under CC BY-SA 4.0; changes were made. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

Facts
Central QuestionSourced to the subject's own account
How can a genuine underlying pattern be distinguished from mere chance variation in a limited sample of data, and how confidently can a conclusion drawn from that sample be generalized beyond it? 1
ScopeSourced to the subject's own account
Statistics is the discipline concerned with the collection, organization, analysis, interpretation and presentation of data, providing the methods used to draw reliable conclusions from data that contains random variation. 1
SignificanceSourced to the subject's own account
Ronald Fisher's work in the 1920s and 1930s, including the design of experiments, analysis of variance and the concept of statistical significance itself, is widely credited with founding the discipline of modern statistics as practiced across the sciences today. 1
Disputed
Founded Year
1901 1
Sourced to the subject's own accountKarl Pearson founded the journal Biometrika in 1901, commonly cited as marking statistics' emergence as its own mathematical discipline; Thomas Bayes's posthumously published 1763 essay is an earlier theoretical root, and Pearson did not found the world's first university statistics department, at University College London, until 1911.
Connections

Founded By

Pearson founded the journal Biometrika in 1901, the year recorded as when the field was founded.

Source Statistics (Wikipedia)
Source Statistics (Wikipedia)

Has Scientist

Source Abraham Wald (Wikipedia)
Source Anil Kumar Bhattacharyya (Wikipedia)
Source Bradley Efron, Wikipedia
C. R. Rao, Scientists
David Cox, Scientists
Source David Cox (statistician), Wikipedia
Source Edna Paisano (Wikipedia)
Source Frank Yates (Wikipedia)
Source George E. P. Box (Wikipedia)
Source George Kingsley Zipf (Wikipedia)
Source Gilbert Walker (Wikipedia)
Source Jerzy Neyman (MacTutor)
John Tukey, Scientists
Source John Tukey (MacTutor)
Source Karl Pearson (MacTutor)
Source Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis (Wikipedia)
Source Thomas Bayes (MacTutor)

Has Theory

Source An Essay towards Solving a Problem in the Doctrine of ChancesThomas Bayes, communicated by Richard Price
Source Confidence Interval (Wikipedia)
Source Correlation coefficient (Wikipedia)
Source Exploratory Data Analysis (Wikipedia)
Source On the Problem of the Most Efficient Tests of Statistical HypothesesJerzy Neyman and Egon Sharpe Pearson
Source On the Criterion that a Given System of Deviations from the Probable...Karl Pearson
P-value, Concepts
Source P-value (Wikipedia)
Source Standard deviation (Wikipedia)
Source Statistical significance (Wikipedia)

Studies

Source Confidence Interval (Wikipedia)
Source Pearson Correlation Coefficient (Wikipedia)
Source Exploratory Data Analysis (Wikipedia)
P-value, Concepts
Source P-value (Wikipedia)
Source Karl Pearson (MacTutor)
Sources
1. Statistics (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia
  • Lead section
    Statistics is the discipline that concerns the collection, organization, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of data.
  • Part Of: Mathematics
  • Founded By: Karl Pearson
  • Founded By: Ronald Fisher
  • In Group: Mathematics, Statistics and Logic, Lead
    is the discipline that concerns the collection, organization, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of data
View the Source
George Kingsley Zipf (Wikipedia)
WikipediaHas Scientist: George Kingsley Zipf, Infobox, fields
Quote, Has Scientist: George Kingsley Zipf, Infobox, fields
Infobox fields: Statistics, linguistics
View the Source
David Cox (statistician), Wikipedia
Has Scientist: David Cox, Infobox, fields
Quote, Has Scientist: David Cox, Infobox, fields
Infobox fields: Statistics
View the Source
Bradley Efron, Wikipedia
Has Scientist: Bradley Efron, Infobox, fields
Quote, Has Scientist: Bradley Efron, Infobox, fields
Infobox fields: Statistics
View the Source
Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis (Wikipedia)
  • Has Scientist: Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis, Infobox, fields
    Infobox fields: Mathematics, statistics
  • Has Scientist: Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis, Lead sentence
    Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis OBE, FNA, FASc, FRS (29 June 1893-28 June 1972) was an Indian scientist and statistician.
View the Source
Edna Paisano (Wikipedia)
  • Has Scientist: Edna Paisano, Infobox, fields
    Infobox fields: Social work; Sociology; Statistics; Demography; Native American studies
  • Has Scientist: Edna Paisano, Lead sentence
    Edna Lee Paisano (January 1, 1948, September 3, 2014) was a Nez Perce and Laguna Pueblo demographer and statistician.
View the Source
Frank Yates (Wikipedia)
WikipediaHas Scientist: Frank Yates, Lead sentence
Quote, Has Scientist: Frank Yates, Lead sentence
Frank Yates FRS (12 May 1902 - 17 June 1994) was an English statistician who was one of the pioneers of 20th-century statistics.
View the Source
George E. P. Box (Wikipedia)
WikipediaHas Scientist: George E. P. Box, Lead sentence
Quote, Has Scientist: George E. P. Box, Lead sentence
George Edward Pelham Box (18 October 1919-28 March 2013) was a British statistician, who worked in the areas of quality control, time-series analysis, design of experiments, and Bayesian inference.
View the Source
Abraham Wald (Wikipedia)
WikipediaHas Scientist: Abraham Wald, Lead sentence
Quote, Has Scientist: Abraham Wald, Lead sentence
Abraham Wald (; ; , ;, ) was a Hungarian-American mathematician and statistician who contributed to decision theory, geometry and econometrics, and founded the field of sequential analysis.
View the Source
Anil Kumar Bhattacharyya (Wikipedia)
Has Scientist: Anil Kumar Bhattacharyya, Lead sentence
Quote, Has Scientist: Anil Kumar Bhattacharyya, Lead sentence
Anil Kumar Bhattacharyya (1 April 1915-17 July 1996) was an Indian statistician who worked at the Indian Statistical Institute in the 1930s and early 40s.
View the Source
Standard deviation (Wikipedia)
Has Theory: Standard Deviation, Lead sentence
Quote, Has Theory: Standard Deviation, Lead sentence
In statistics, the standard deviation is a measure of the amount of variation of the values of a variable about its (arithmetic) average.
View the Source
Exploratory Data Analysis (Wikipedia)
WikipediaHas Theory: Exploratory Data Analysis, Lead sentence
Quote, Has Theory: Exploratory Data Analysis, Lead sentence
In statistics, exploratory data analysis (EDA) or exploratory analytics is an approach of analyzing data sets to summarize their main characteristics, often using statistical graphics and other data visualization methods.
View the Source
Statistical significance (Wikipedia)
Has Theory: Statistical Significance, Lead paragraph
Quote, Has Theory: Statistical Significance, Lead paragraph
In statistical hypothesis testing, a result has statistical significance when a result at least as extreme would be very infrequent if the null hypothesis were true.
View the Source
Confidence Interval (Wikipedia)
WikipediaHas Theory: Confidence Interval, Lead paragraph
Quote, Has Theory: Confidence Interval, Lead paragraph
In frequentist inference, a confidence interval (CI) determines lower and upper bounds likely to contain (in repeated sampling) the true value of an unknown statistical parameter, such as a population mean.
View the Source
Gilbert Walker (Wikipedia)
WikipediaHas Scientist: Gilbert Walker, Lead
Quote, Has Scientist: Gilbert Walker, Lead
was an English physicist and statistician
View the Source
Correlation coefficient (Wikipedia)
Has Theory: Correlation Coefficient, Lead, sentence 1
Quote, Has Theory: Correlation Coefficient, Lead, sentence 1
A correlation coefficient is a numerical measure of some type of linear correlation, meaning a linear function between two variables.
View the Source
P-value (Wikipedia)
WikipediaHas Theory: P-value, Lead, sentence 1
Quote, Has Theory: P-value, Lead, sentence 1
In null-hypothesis significance testing, the p-value is the probability of obtaining test results at least as extreme as the result actually observed, under the assumption that the null hypothesis is correct.
View the Source
Comments (0)
No comments yet. Be the first to share a thought.
Reader Challenges (0)
No disputes yet. Spotted an error or a better source? Open the first one.