Physics

Physics is the scientific study of matter, its fundamental constituents, its motion and behavior through space and time, and the related entities of energy and force. It is one of the most fundamental scientific disciplines.

Biophysics is an interdisciplinary science that applies approaches and methods traditionally used in physics to study biological phenomena.

Nuclear physics is the field of physics that studies atomic nuclei and their constituents and interactions, in addition to the study of other forms of nuclear matter.

He was awarded the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics "for the discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of our galaxy", which he shared with Andrea Ghez and Roger Penrose.

She shared the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics with Reinhard Genzel "for the discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of our galaxy".

Peebles was awarded half of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2019 for his theoretical discoveries in physical cosmology. He shared the prize with Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz for their discovery of an exoplanet orbiting a sun-like star.

He is co-laureate of the 2019 Nobel Prize in Physics along with Jim Peebles and Didier Queloz

For this discovery, he shared the 2019 Nobel Prize in Physics with Mayor and Jim Peebles.

He was awarded half of the Prize while the other half was shared between Gerard Mourou and Donna Strickland for their work on chirped-pulse amplification

He was awarded a Nobel Prize in Physics in 2018, along with Donna Strickland, for the invention of chirped pulse amplification

She was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2018, together with Gerard Mourou, for the practical implementation of chirped pulse amplification.

He was awarded the 1990 Wolf Prize and a laureate of the 2016 Nobel Prize for physics along with F. Duncan M. Haldane and J. Michael Kosterlitz for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter.

He is a co-recipient of the 2016 Nobel Prize in Physics, along with David J. Thouless and J. Michael Kosterlitz.

He was awarded the 2016 Nobel Prize in physics along with David Thouless and Duncan Haldane for work on condensed matter physics.

In 2015, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics jointly with Canadian physicist Arthur B. McDonald for the discovery of neutrino oscillations.

He was awarded the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physics jointly with Japanese physicist Takaaki Kajita.

Akasaki was awarded the 2014 Nobel Prize in Physics, along with Hiroshi Amano and Shuji Nakamura, "for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources."

He is a co-inventor of the blue LED, for which he was awarded the 2014 Nobel Prize in Physics along with Isamu Akasaki and Shuji Nakamura.

For this achievement, Nakamura, together with Isamu Akasaki and Hiroshi Amano, received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2014.

In 2024 Hopfield, along with Geoffrey Hinton, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for "foundational discoveries and inventions that enable machine learning with artificial neural networks."

He was also awarded, along with John Hopfield, the 2024 Nobel Prize in Physics for "foundational discoveries and inventions that enable machine learning with artificial neural networks".

In 2023, he received the Nobel Prize in Physics for "experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter" along with Anne L'Huillier and Ferenc Krausz.

In 2023, jointly with Pierre Agostini and Anne L'Huillier, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics.

In October 2023, she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics, jointly with Krausz and Pierre Agostini "for experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter".

Aspect was awarded the 2022 Nobel Prize in Physics, jointly with John Clauser and Anton Zeilinger, "for experiments with entangled photons, establishing the violation of Bell inequalities and pioneering quantum information science".

Clauser was awarded the 2022 Nobel Prize in Physics, jointly with Alain Aspect and Anton Zeilinger "for experiments with entangled photons, establishing the violation of Bell inequalities and pioneering quantum information science".

In October 2022, he received the Nobel Prize in Physics, jointly with Alain Aspect and John Clauser for their work involving experiments with entangled photons, establishing the violation of Bell inequalities and pioneering quantum information science.

He was awarded the 2021 Nobel Prize in Physics jointly with Klaus Hasselmann and Giorgio Parisi, for his contributions to the physical modeling of Earth's climate, quantifying its variability, and predictions of climate change.

He was awarded the 2021 Nobel Prize in Physics jointly with Syukuro Manabe and Giorgio Parisi.

He was awarded the 2021 Nobel Prize in Physics jointly with Klaus Hasselmann and Syukuro Manabe for groundbreaking contributions to theory of complex systems.

In 2020 Penrose was awarded one half of the Nobel Prize in Physics by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for the discovery that black hole formation is a robust prediction of the general theory of relativity, a half-share also going to Reinhard Genzel and Andrea Ghez for the discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of our galaxy.

Working with D. M. Bose, she was the first to discover the meson and prove Hideki Yukawa's meson theory.

Infobox fields: Physics; Laser physics; Experimental gravitation; Cosmic background measurements

Infobox fields: Physics

Infobox fields: Theoretical physics

Infobox fields: Physics; Physiology

Infobox fields: General relativity ; Cosmology ; Quantum gravity

Infobox fields: Theoretical physics

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Infobox fields: Quantum physics

Infobox fields: Physics and Biology

Infobox fields: Chemistry physics

Infobox fields: Theoretical physics

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Infobox fields: Physics; Chemistry

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Infobox fields: Theoretical physics

Infobox fields: Physics, mathematics

Infobox fields: Mathematics physics

Infobox fields: Theoretical physics

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Infobox fields: Condensed matter physics

Infobox fields: Theoretical physics

Infobox fields: Mathematics; Physics; Geography; Astronomy; Medicine; Philosophy

Infobox fields: Physics

Infobox fields: Chemistry, physics

Infobox fields: Physics

Infobox fields: Theoretical physics

Infobox fields: Theoretical physics ; Physical cosmology

Infobox fields: Theoretical physics; Cosmology

Infobox fields: Physics, Laser physics, Experimental Gravitation

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Infobox fields: Physics Neuroscience

Infobox fields: Physicist

Infobox fields: Applied Physics

Infobox fields: Biophysical Chemistry ; Theoretical Chemistry ; Statistical Mechanics

Infobox fields: Mechanical engineering; Physics

Barry Clark Barish (born January 27, 1936) is an American experimental physicist and Nobel Laureate.

Hugh Everett III (; November 11, 1930, July 19, 1982) was an American physicist who proposed the relative state interpretation of quantum mechanics.

Blaise Pascal (19June 162319August 1662) was a French mathematician, physicist, inventor, philosopher, and Catholic writer.

Christiaan Huygens, Lord of Zeelhem (14 April 1629-8 July 1695) was a Dutch mathematician, physicist, engineer, astronomer, and inventor who is regarded as a key figure in the Scientific Revolution.

Freeman John Dyson (15 December 1923-28 February 2020) was a British-American theoretical physicist and mathematician who worked in quantum field theory, astrophysics, random matrices, mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics, condensed matter physics, nuclear physics, and engineering.

Sir James Chadwick (20 October 1891-24 July 1974) was a British experimental physicist who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1935 for his discovery of the neutron.

Hugh David Politzer (; born August 31, 1949) is an American theoretical physicist.

Frank Anthony Wilczek ( or ; born May 15, 1951) is an American theoretical physicist.

Alan Harvey Guth (; born February 27, 1947) is an American theoretical physicist and cosmologist who is the Victor Weisskopf Professor of Physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Fritz Wolfgang London (March 7, 1900, March 30, 1954) was a German born physicist and professor at Duke University.

Julian Seymour Schwinger (; February 12, 1918, July 16, 1994) was an American theoretical physicist.

Irving Langmuir (; January 31, 1881, August 16, 1957) was an American chemist, physicist, and metallurgical engineer.

Sheldon Lee Glashow (, ; born December 5, 1932) is an American theoretical physicist.

Cheikh Anta Diop (29 December 1923-7 February 1986) was a Senegalese historian, anthropologist, physicist, and politician who studied the human race's origins and pre-colonial African culture.

Zhores Ivanovich Alferov (15 March 1930-1 March 2019) was a Soviet and Russian physicist who contributed significantly to the creation of modern heterostructure physics and electronics.

Pierre Maurice Marie Duhem (; 9 June 1861-14 September 1916) was a French theoretical physicist who made significant contributions to thermodynamics, hydrodynamics, and the theory of elasticity.

Walter Gilbert (born March 21, 1932) is an American biochemist, physicist, molecular biology pioneer, and Nobel laureate.

Andrew Chi-Chih Yao (; born December 24, 1946) is a Chinese computer scientist, theoretical physicist, and computational theorist.

Rosalyn Sussman Yalow (July 19, 1921, May 30, 2011) was an American medical physicist, and a co-winner of the 1977 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (together with Roger Guillemin and Andrew Schally) for development of the radioimmunoassay technique.

Gerolamo Cardano (; also Girolamo or Geronimo; ; ; 24 September 1501, 21 September 1576) was an Italian polymath whose interests and proficiencies ranged through those of mathematician, physician, biologist, physicist, chemist, astrologer, astronomer, philosopher, music theorist, writer, and

Kenneth Geddes "Ken" Wilson (June 8, 1936, June 15, 2013) was an American theoretical physicist and a pioneer in using computers for studying particle physics.

Leo Philip Kadanoff (January 14, 1937, October 26, 2015) was an American physicist.

Michael Ellis Fisher (3 September 1931-26 November 2021) was an English physicist, as well as chemist and mathematician, known for his many seminal contributions

Gerardus "Gerard" 't Hooft (; born 5 July 1946) is a Dutch theoretical physicist and professor emeritus at Utrecht University, the Netherlands.

Leon Max Lederman (July 15, 1922, October 3, 2018) was an American experimental physicist who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1988, along with Melvin Schwartz and Jack Steinberger, for research on neutrinos.

Martin Lewis Perl (June 24, 1927, September 30, 2014) was an American chemical engineer and physicist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1995 for his discovery of the tau lepton.

Erwin Louis Hahn (June 9, 1921, September 20, 2016) was an American physicist, best known for his work on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR).

Theodore Harold Maiman (July 11, 1927, May 5, 2007) was an American engineer and physicist who is widely credited with the invention of the laser.

William Conyers Herring (November 15, 1914 - July 23, 2009) was an American physicist.

Bruno Benedetto Rossi ( , ; 13 April 1905-21 November 1993) was an Italian-American experimental physicist.

Herbert Friedman (June 21, 1916, September 9, 2000) was an American physicist and astronomer who did research in X-ray astronomy.

Pierre-Gilles de Gennes (24 October 1932 - 18 May 2007) was a French physicist and the Nobel Prize laureate in physics in 1991.

Maurice Goldhaber (April 18, 1911 - May 11, 2011) was an American physicist and director of Brookhaven National Laboratory.

Valentine Louis "Val" Telegdi (Hungarian: Telegdi Bálint; 11 January 1922 - April 8, 2006) was a Hungarian-American physicist.

Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg ForMemRS (;, 8 November 2009) was a Russian physicist who was honored with the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2003, together with Alexei Abrikosov and Anthony Leggett for their "pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids."

Bertrand I. Halperin (born December 6, 1941) is an American physicist, former holder of the Hollis Chair of Mathematicks and Natural Philosophy at the physics department of Harvard University.

Albert Fert (; born 7 March 1938) is a French physicist and one of the discoverers of giant magnetoresistance which brought about a breakthrough in gigabyte hard disks.

Harald Rose (born 14 February 1935; died 27 July 2026) was a German physicist.

Knut W. Urban (born 25 June 1941) is a German physicist.

Maximilian Haider (born 23 January 1950) is an Austrian physicist known for his contributions to electron microscopy.

Jacob David Bekenstein (; May 1, 1947, August 16, 2015) was a Mexican-born American-Israeli theoretical physicist who made fundamental contributions to the foundation of black hole thermodynamics and to other aspects of the connections between information and gravitation.

Peter Zoller, FRS (born 16 September 1952) is a theoretical physicist from Austria.

Rafi Bistritzer (; born 1974 in Israel) is an Israeli physicist, and manager of an algorithms group at Applied Materials.

James P. Eisenstein (born May 15, 1952) is an American physicist.

Edward Carroll Stone Jr. (January 23, 1936, June 9, 2024) was an American space physicist, professor of physics at the California Institute of Technology, and director of the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) from 1991 to 2001. He was the project scientist of the Voyager program, which sent two

Donald Mark Eigler (March 23, 1953) is an American physicist associated with nanotechnology at the IBM Almaden Research Center.

Christoph Gerber (born 1942) is a Swiss physicist and professor at the University of Basel.

Calvin Forrest Quate (December 7, 1923, July 6, 2019) was an American electrical engineer and physicist best known for his contributions to microscopy.

Ondrej Ladislav Krivanek (; born 1 August 1950) is a Czech-British physicist resident in the United States, and a leading developer of electron-optical instrumentation.

Eva Yocheved Andrei is an American condensed matter physicist, a Distinguished Professor, and a Board of Governors Professor at Rutgers University.

Peter Joseph William Debye ( ; born Petrus Josephus Wilhelmus Debije, ; March 24, 1884, November 2, 1966) was a Dutch-American physicist and physical chemist, and Nobel laureate in Chemistry.

John Carlos Baez ( ; born June 12, 1961) is an American mathematical physicist and a professor of mathematics at the University of California, Riverside (UCR) in Riverside, California.

Abram Isaakovich Alikhanov (; born Abraham Alikhanian; 8 December 1970) was a Soviet experimental physicist of Armenian origin who specialized in particle and nuclear physics.

Albert Vinicio Báez (; November 15, 1912 - March 20, 2007) was a Mexican-American physicist and the father of singers Joan Baez and Mimi Fariña, and an uncle of John C. Baez.

Debendra Mohan Bose (26 November 1885-2 June 1975) was an Indian physicist who made contributions in the field of cosmic rays, artificial radioactivity and neutron physics.

Robert Harry Kraichnan (; January 15, 1928, February 26, 2008), a resident of Santa Fe, New Mexico, was an American theoretical physicist (fluid dynamicist) best known for his work on the theory of fluid turbulence.

Amanda Weltman (born 1979) is a South African theoretical physicist.

Biswarup Mukhopadhyaya (born 1 August 1960) is an Indian theoretical high energy physicist and a senior professor at Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata (IISER Kolkata).

Indumadhab Mallick (; 4 December 18698 May 1917) was a Bengali polymath philosopher, physicist, botanist, lawyer, physician, entrepreneur, collector, traveler, writer and social reformer.

Asok Kumar Barua (1 July 1936-30 May 2021) was an Indian condensed matter physicist and the honorary Emeritus Professor of Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, who focused on research in optics and optoelectronics.

Lenur Yagya Arifov (; 10 December 1938-11 March 2018) was a physicist who conducted research on general relativity, gravity, cosmology, relativistic astrophysics and nuclear physics.

Md. Hanifuddin Miah (1 November 1929-11 March 2007) was a Bangladeshi physicist and mathematician.

Herman Haga (Oldeboorn, 24 January 1852, Zeist, 11 September 1936) was a Dutch physicist.

Edward Witten (born August 26, 1951) is an American theoretical physicist known for his contributions to string theory, topological quantum field theory, general relativity and various areas of mathematics.

Sir Martin Hairer KBE FRS (born 14 November 1975) is an Austrian-British mathematician and mathematical physicist working in the field of stochastic analysis, in particular stochastic partial differential equations.

Maxim Lvovich Kontsevich (, ; born 25 August 1964) is a Russian and French mathematician and mathematical physicist.

Sir Edward Victor Appleton (6 September 1892-21 April 1965) was an English physicist who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1947 for his contributions to the knowledge of the ionosphere, which led to the development of radar and shortwave radio.

Benjamin Roy Mottelson (9 July 1926-13 May 2022) was an American-Danish nuclear physicist.

Sir Nevill Francis Mott (30 September 1905-8 August 1996) was a British theoretical physicist who won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1977 for his work on the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems, especially amorphous semiconductors.

Purushottam Chakraborty is a distinguished Indian Physicist who does research on materials analysis using ion beams and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS).

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Infobox fields: Atomic physics Quantum physics

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Infobox fields: Tree list Physics Nuclear physics Tree list/end

Infobox fields: Theoretical physics; Atomic physics; Nuclear physics; Solid-state physics

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Bidyendu Mohan Deb (born 27 September 1942) is an Indian theoretical chemist, chemical physicist and a professor at the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata (IISER).

Biswa Ranjan Nag (1 October 1932-6 April 2004) was an Indian physicist and the Sisir Kumar Mitra chair professor at Rajabazar Science College, University of Calcutta.

Rollan Kemalevich Kadyev (, ; 9 April 1937-15 May 1990) was a Crimean Tatar physicist and civil rights activist in the Soviet Union.

Nikolay Nikolayevich Semyonov , sometimes Semenov, Semionov or Semenoff (;, 25 September 1986) was a Soviet physicist and chemist.

Lars Onsager (27 November 1903 - 5 October 1976) was a Norwegian American physical chemist and theoretical physicist.

Gerhard Heinrich Friedrich Otto Julius Herzberg, (December 25, 1904 - March 3, 1999) was a German-Canadian pioneering physicist and physical chemist, who won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1971, "for his contributions to the knowledge of electronic structure and geometry of molecules

Walter Kohn (; March 9, 1923, April 19, 2016) was an Austrian-American theoretical physicist and theoretical chemist.

Alan Jay Heeger (born January 22, 1936) is an American physicist, academic and Nobel Prize laureate in chemistry.

Gerhard Ertl (; born 10 October 1936) is a German physicist and a Professor emeritus at the Department of Physical Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft in Berlin, Germany.

Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard (; 7 June 1862-20 May 1947) was a Hungarian-German experimental physicist who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1905 for his work on cathode rays.

Robert Andrews Millikan (March 22, 1868, December 19, 1953) was an American experimental physicist who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1923 "for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect."

Sir George Paget Thomson (3 May 1892-10 September 1975) was a British experimental physicist who shared the 1937 Nobel Prize in Physics with Clinton Davisson "for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals." His father, J. J. Thomson, won the Nobel Prize in 1906 "for

Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett, Baron Blackett of Chelsea (18 November 1897-13 July 1974), was a British experimental physicist and life peer who received the 1948 Nobel Prize in Physics.

Sir John Douglas Cockcroft (27 May 1897-18 September 1967) was a British experimental physicist who shared the 1951 Nobel Prize in Physics with Ernest Walton for their splitting of the atomic nucleus, which led to the development of nuclear power and weapons.

Ilya Mikhailovich Frank (; 23 October 1908-22 June 1990) was a Soviet physicist who received the 1958 Nobel Prize in Physics, jointly with Pavel Cherenkov and Igor Tamm, also of the Soviet Union.

Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm (; 8 July 1895-12 April 1971) was a Soviet physicist who received the 1958 Nobel Prize in Physics, jointly with Pavel Cherenkov and Ilya Frank, for their 1934 discovery and demonstration of Cherenkov radiation.

Owen Chamberlain (July 10, 1920 - February 28, 2006) was an American physicist who shared with Emilio Segrè the Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery of the antiproton, a sub-atomic antiparticle.

Robert Hofstadter (February 5, 1915, November 17, 1990) was an American physicist.

Maria Goeppert Mayer (; ; June 28, 1906, February 20, 1972) was a German-American theoretical physicist who shared the 1963 Nobel Prize in Physics with J. Hans D. Jensen and Eugene Wigner.

Johannes Hans Daniel Jensen (; 25 June 1907-11 February 1973) was a German theoretical physicist.

Charles Hard Townes (July 28, 1915, January 27, 2015) was an American physicist.

Nikolay Gennadiyevich Basov (; 14 December 1922-1 July 2001) was a Soviet physicist and educator.

Alexander Mikhailovich Prokhorov (born Alexander Michael Prochoroff; ; 11 July 1916-8 January 2002) was an Australian-born Soviet physicist and researcher whose work focused on quantum electronics.

Luis Walter Alvarez (June 13, 1911, September 1, 1988) was an American experimental physicist, inventor, and professor who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1968 for his discovery of resonance states in particle physics using the hydrogen bubble chamber.

Aage Niels Bohr (; 19 June 1922-8 September 2009) was a Danish nuclear physicist who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1975 with Ben Roy Mottelson and James Rainwater "for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the

Leo James Rainwater (December 9, 1917, May 31, 1986) was an American physicist who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1975 for his part in determining the asymmetrical shapes of certain atomic nuclei.

Burton Richter (March 22, 1931, July 18, 2018) was an American physicist.

John Hasbrouck Van Vleck (; March 13, 1899, October 27, 1980) was an American physicist and mathematician who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1977 for his contributions to the understanding of the behavior of electronic magnetism in solids.

James Watson Cronin (September 29, 1931, August 25, 2016) was an American particle physicist.

Carlo Rubbia (; born 31 March 1934) is an Italian particle physicist and inventor who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1984 with Simon van der Meer for work leading to the discovery of the W and Z particles at CERN.

Simon van der Meer (24 November 19254 March 2011) was a Dutch particle accelerator physicist who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1984 with Carlo Rubbia for contributions to the CERN project which led to the discovery of the W and Z particles, the two fundamental communicators of the weak

Klaus von Klitzing (; born 28 June 1943) is a German physicist, known for discovery of the integer quantum Hall effect, for which he was awarded the 1985 Nobel Prize in Physics.

Melvin Schwartz ( ; November 2, 1932, August 28, 2006) was an American physicist.

Jack Steinberger (born Hans Jakob Steinberger; May 25, 1921December 12, 2020) was a German-born American physicist noted for his work with neutrinos, the subatomic particles considered to be elementary constituents of matter.

Norman Foster Ramsey Jr. (August 27, 1915, November 4, 2011) was an American physicist who was awarded the 1989 Nobel Prize in Physics for the invention of the separated oscillatory field method (see Ramsey interferometry), which had important applications in the construction of atomic clocks.

Hans Georg Dehmelt (; 9 September 1922-7 March 2017) was a German and American physicist, who was awarded a Nobel Prize in Physics in 1989, for co-developing the ion trap technique (Penning trap) with Wolfgang Paul, for which they shared one-half of the prize (the other half of the Prize in that

Wolfgang Paul (10 August 1913 - 7 December 1993) was a German physicist, who co-developed the non-magnetic quadrupole mass filter which laid the foundation for what is now called an ion trap.

Richard Edward Taylor (2 November 1929-22 February 2018), was a Canadian physicist and Stanford University professor.

Jerome Isaac Friedman (born March 28, 1930) is an American physicist.

Henry Way Kendall (December 9, 1926, February 15, 1999) was an American particle physicist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1990 jointly with Jerome Isaac Friedman and Richard E. Taylor "for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound

Bertram Neville Brockhouse, (July 15, 1918 - October 13, 2003) was a Canadian physicist.

Clifford Glenwood Shull (September 23, 1915 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, March 31, 2001) was an American physicist.

Frederick Reines ( ; March 16, 1918, August 26, 1998) was an American physicist.

Steven Chu (; born February 28, 1948) is an American physicist and former government official.

Claude Cohen-Tannoudji (; born 1 April 1933) is a French physicist at the École normale supérieure in Paris.

Daniel Chee Tsui (, born February 28, 1939) is an American physicist.

Otto von Guericke ( , ; ; spelled Gericke until 1666;, ) was a German scientist, inventor, mathematician, and physicist.

Roy Jay Glauber (September 1, 1925, December 26, 2018) was an American theoretical physicist.

Benjamin Franklin (April 17, 1790) was an American polymath active as a physicist, philosopher, statesman and inventor who was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States.

In the Standard Model of particle physics, the Higgs mechanism is essential to explain the generation mechanism of the property "mass" for gauge bosons.

In physics, a parity transformation (also called parity inversion) is the flip in the sign of one spatial coordinate.

In physics, string theory is a theoretical framework in which the point-like particles of particle physics are replaced by one-dimensional objects called strings.

Coulomb's inverse-square law, or simply Coulomb's law, is a scientific law of physics that describes the amount of force between two electrically charged particles at rest.

The many-worlds interpretation (MWI) is an interpretation of quantum mechanics that asserts that the universal wave function is objectively real, and that there is no wave function collapse.

The uncertainty principle, also known as Heisenberg's indeterminacy principle, is a fundamental concept in quantum mechanics.

In physics, Planck's law (also Planck radiation law) describes the spectral density of electromagnetic radiation emitted by a black body in thermal equilibrium at a given temperature T, when there is no net flow of matter or energy between the body and its environment.

In quantum mechanics, the Pauli exclusion principle states that two or more identical particles with half-integer spins (i.e., fermions) cannot simultaneously occupy the same quantum state within a system that obeys the laws of quantum mechanics.

In theoretical physics, quantum chromodynamics (QCD) is the study of the strong interaction between quarks mediated by gluons.

In particle physics, quantum electrodynamics (QED) is the relativistic quantum field theory of electrodynamics.

In physics and chemistry, the law of conservation of mass or principle of mass conservation states that for any system which is closed to all incoming and outgoing transfers of matter, the mass of the system must remain constant over time.

Quantum entanglement is the phenomenon in which the quantum state of each particle in a group cannot be described independently of the state of the others, even when the particles are separated by a large distance.

The phenomenon is studied in condensed matter physics, solid state, and quantum chemistry to draw inferences about the properties of atoms, molecules and solids.

In physics (in particular in statistical mechanics), the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution, or Maxwell(ian) distribution, is a particular probability distribution named after James Clerk Maxwell and Ludwig Boltzmann.

A physical quantity (or simply quantity) is a property of a material or system that can be quantified by measurement.

Thermodynamic temperature, also known as absolute temperature, is a physical quantity that measures temperature starting from absolute zero, the point at which particles have minimal thermal motion.

James Hardy Wilkinson FRS (27 September 1919-5 October 1986) was a prominent figure in the field of numerical analysis, a field at the boundary of applied mathematics and computer science particularly useful to physics and engineering.

Lyman Alexander Page, Jr. (born September 24, 1957) is the James S. McDonnell Distinguished University Professor of Physics at Princeton University.

Tobin Jay Marks (born November 25, 1944) is an inorganic chemistry Professor, the Vladimir N. Ipatieff Professor of Catalytic Chemistry, Professor of Material Science and Engineering, Professor of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Professor of Applied Physics at Northwestern University in

Amitava Datta is an Indian scientist and professor working in the area of high energy physics, especially in context of new physics through direct (particle production) and indirect (loop effects).

Siva Brata Bhattacherjee (1921-2003), sometimes spelt Sibabrata Bhattacherjee-was a professor of physics at the University of Calcutta.