Medicine

for which he shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2020 along with Michael Houghton and Charles M. Rice.

He was the co-recipient of the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine along with Harvey J. Alter and Charles M. Rice.

Along with Michael Houghton and Harvey J. Alter, he was awarded the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for the discovery of Hepatitis C virus."

In 2019 he won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in with Peter J. Ratcliffe and Gregg L. Semenza for their work on how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability.

He shared the 2019 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with William Kaelin Jr. and Gregg L. Semenza.

He shared the 2019 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for "discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability" with William Kaelin Jr. and Peter J. Ratcliffe.

In 2018, he shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Tasuku Honjo.

In 2018, he shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with American immunologist James P. Allison.

In 2017, along with Michael W. Young and Michael Rosbash, he was awarded the 2017 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm".

Along with Michael W. Young and Jeffrey C. Hall, he was awarded the 2017 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm".

He was awarded the 2017 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine along with Jeffrey C. Hall and Michael Rosbash "for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm".

In 2016, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for his discoveries of mechanisms for autophagy".

In 2015, he and Satoshi Omura shared half of the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their research on therapies against infections caused by roundworm parasites, using derivatives of avermectin.

In 2015 he shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Tu Youyou and with William C. Campbell

He shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2014, together with May-Britt Moser and Edvard Moser

She and her former husband, Edvard Moser, shared half of the 2014 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

He shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2014 with long-term collaborator and then-wife May-Britt Moser, and previous mentor John O'Keefe

In 2024 he shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine with Gary Ruvkun "for the discovery of microRNA and its role in post-transcriptional gene regulation".

Ruvkun was awarded the 2024 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of microRNA and its role in post-transcriptional gene regulation.

Karikó received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2023 for her work, along with American immunologist Drew Weissman.

With biochemist Katalin Karikó, Weissman received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2023 "for their discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19".

In 2022, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for his discoveries concerning the genomes of extinct hominins and human evolution".

In 2021, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine jointly with Ardem Patapoutian for their discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch.

In 2021, he won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine jointly with David Julius.

known for the earliest publication of a formula for Orally Rehydrated Saline (ORS) for diarrhea management in 1952

RCTs are a fundamental methodology in modern clinical trials and have been widely considered one of the highest-quality sources of evidence in evidence-based medicine

Clinical trials are prospective biomedical or behavioral research studies on human participants

Placebos are used in randomized clinical trials to test the efficacy of medical treatments.

Decompression theory is the study and modelling of the transfer of the inert gas component of breathing gases from the gas in the lungs to the tissues and back during exposure to variations in ambient pressure.

Infobox fields: Medicine, herpetology

Infobox fields: Medicine Microbiology

Infobox fields: Medicine; virology

Infobox fields: Medicine

Infobox fields: Mathematics; Physics; Geography; Astronomy; Medicine; Philosophy

Infobox fields: Biochemistry; Genetics; Medicine

Infobox fields: Oncology, Pathology

Camillo Golgi (, ; 7 July 184321 January 1926) was an Italian biologist and pathologist who was awarded the 1906 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his works on the central nervous system.

Georg Ernst Stahl (22 October 1659-14 May 1734) was a German chemist, physician and philosopher.

Johann Joachim Becher (; 6 May 1635, October 1682) was a German physician, alchemist, precursor of chemistry, scholar, polymath and adventurer, best known for his terra pinguis theory which became the phlogiston theory of combustion, and his advancement of Austrian cameralism.

Heinrich Hermann Robert Koch ( ; ; 11 December 1843-27 May 1910) was a German physician and microbiologist.

Sir Frederick Grant Banting (; November 14, 1891, February 21, 1941) was a Canadian pharmacologist, orthopedist, and field surgeon.

Paul Ehrlich (; 14 March 1854-20 August 1915) was a German physician and scientist who worked in the fields of hematology, immunology and antimicrobial chemotherapy.

Howard Walter Florey, Baron Florey of Adelaide and Marston (; 24 September 1898-21 February 1968) was an Australian pharmacologist and pathologist who shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945 with Ernst Chain and Sir Alexander Fleming "for the discovery of penicillin and its

Alexis Carrel (; 28 June 1873-5 November 1944) was a French surgeon and biologist who spent most of his scientific career in the United States.

John Robin Warren (11 June 1937-23 July 2024) was an Australian pathologist, Nobel laureate, and researcher who is credited with the 1979 re-discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori, together with Barry Marshall.

Gerhard Johannes Paul Domagk (; 30 October 1895-24 April 1964) was a German pathologist and bacteriologist.

Luis Federico Leloir (6 September 1906 - 2 December 1987) was an Argentine physician and biochemist who received the 1970 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his discovery of the metabolic pathways by which carbohydrates are synthesized and converted into energy in the body.

Carlos Justiniano Ribeiro Chagas (; 9 July 1879-8 November 1934), was a Brazilian sanitary physician, scientist, and microbiologist who worked as a clinician and researcher.

Severo Ochoa de Albornoz (; 24 September 1905-1 November 1993) was a Spanish physician and biochemist, and winner of the 1959 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine together with Arthur Kornberg for their discovery of "the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)".

Charles Brenton Huggins (September 22, 1901, January 12, 1997) was a Canadian-American surgeon and physiologist known for his work on prostate function, prostate cancer, and breast cancer.

Sir Bernard Katz, FRS (; 26 March 1911-20 April 2003) was a German-born British physician and biophysicist, noted for his work on nerve physiology; specifically, for his work on synaptic transmission at the nerve-muscle junction.

Gerolamo Cardano (; also Girolamo or Geronimo; ; ; 24 September 1501, 21 September 1576) was an Italian polymath whose interests and proficiencies ranged through those of mathematician, physician, biologist, physicist, chemist, astrologer, astronomer, philosopher, music theorist, writer, and

Dr Thomas Wright FRS FRSE FGS (9 November 180917 November 1884) was a Scottish surgeon and palaeontologist.

George Busk FRS FRAI (12 August 1807-10 August 1886) was a British naval surgeon, zoologist and palaeontologist.

John Whitaker Hulke FRCS FRS FGS (6 November 1830-19 February 1895) was a British surgeon, geologist and fossil collector.

Sir John Smith Flett (26 June 1869-26 January 1947) was a Scottish physician and geologist.

Sir Cato Thomas Laurencin (born January 15, 1959) is an American engineer, physician, scientist, and professor of the University of Connecticut.

Siddhartha Mukherjee (Bengali: সিদ্ধার্থ মুখার্জী; born 21 July 1970) is an Indian physician, biologist, and author.

Bert Geoffrey Achong (6 December 1928-20 November 1996) was a Trinidadian-born pathologist

Roger Edward Collingwood Altounyan (1922-1987) was a Syrian-born Anglo-Armenian physician and pharmacologist who pioneered the use of sodium cromoglycate as a remedy for asthma.

Lieutenant-Colonel Hassan Suhrawardy CStJ, FRCS (17 November 1884-18 September 1946) was a Bengali surgeon, military officer in the British Indian Army, politician, and a public official.

Sir Goldsworthy Gurney (14 February 1793-28 February 1875) was a British surgeon, chemist, architect, builder, lecturer and consultant.

Indumadhab Mallick (; 4 December 18698 May 1917) was a Bengali polymath philosopher, physicist, botanist, lawyer, physician, entrepreneur, collector, traveler, writer and social reformer.

Patrick Soon-Shiong (; born July 29, 1952) is a South African and American businessman, researcher and surgeon who invented Abraxane, a drug used for lung, breast, and pancreatic cancer.

Enitan Carrol is a British physician and Professor of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology.

N. C. Paul (1829-1880) was a 19th-century Bengali physician and scientist.

Abu Mohammed Abd al-Wahhab ibn Ahmad Adarrak (1746) was a well-known physician and poet from Fez, Morocco.

Fritz Pregl (; 3 September 1869-13 December 1930), was a Slovenian-Austrian chemist and physician from a mixed Slovene-German-speaking background.

Peter Courtland Agre (; born January 30, 1949) is a Nobel Laureate American physician, molecular biologist, Bloomberg Distinguished Professor at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and director of the Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute.

Jamini Bhushan Ray (; 1 July 1879 (17 Asharh 1286 BS), 11 August 1926 (26 Srabon 1333 BS)) was an Indian Ayurvedic physician, Sanskrit scholar, educator, and philanthropist.

Ralph Marvin Steinman (January 14, 1943, September 30, 2011) was a Canadian physician and medical researcher at Rockefeller University, who in 1973 discovered and named dendritic cells while working as a postdoctoral fellow in the laboratory of Zanvil A. Cohn, also at Rockefeller University.

Humorism, the humoral theory, or humoralism, was a system of medicine detailing a supposed makeup and workings of the human body, adopted by Ancient Greek and Roman physicians and philosophers.

Sir Ian Wilmut (7 July 1944-10 September 2023) was an English embryologist and the chair of the Scottish Centre for Regenerative Medicine at the University of Edinburgh.

Jeffrey I. Gordon is the Dr. Robert J. Glaser Distinguished University Professor and Director of The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology at Washington University School of Medicine.

Agnes Yewande Savage (21 February 1906-7 September 1964) was a Nigerian-Scottish medical doctor and the first West African woman to train and qualify in orthodox medicine.

was an English physician

is an American physician

ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Abū al-Ḥasan ʿAlī ibn Abī Ḥazm al-Qarashī (Arabic: علاء الدين أبو الحسن عليّ بن أبي حزم القرشي), known as Ibn al-Nafīs (Arabic: ابن النفيس), was an Arab polymath whose areas of work included medicine, surgery, physiology, anatomy, biology, Islamic studies, jurisprudence, and philosophy.

Abū al-Qāsim Khalaf ibn al-'Abbās al-Zahrāwī al-Ansari (c. 936-1013), popularly known as al-Zahrawi, Latinised as Albucasis or Abulcasis (from Arabic Abū al-Qāsim), was an Arab physician, surgeon and chemist from al-Andalus.

Abū Yūsuf Yaʻqūb ibn ʼIsḥāq aṣ-Ṣabbāḥ al-Kindī (; Arabic: أبو يوسف يعقوب بن إسحاق الصبّاح الكندي; Latin: Alkindus; c. 801-873 AD) was a Mesopotamian Arab polymath who was active as a philosopher, mathematician, physician, and music theorist.

Thābit ibn Qurra (full name: Abū al-Ḥasan Ṯābit ibn Qurra ibn Zahrūn al-Ḥarrānī al-Ṣābiʾ, Arabic: أبو الحسن ثابت بن قرة بن زهرون الحراني الصابئ, Latin: Thebit/Thebith/Tebit; 826 or 836, February 19, 901), was a pagan Sabian scholar known for his work in mathematics, medicine, astronomy, and translation.

In 2012, he and John Gurdon were awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for the discovery that mature cells can be converted to stem cells.

Medicine

António Caetano de Abreu Freire Egas Moniz (29 November 1874-13 December 1955), known as simply Egas Moniz, was a Portuguese neurologist and the developer of cerebral angiography.

Hayat Al Sindi (Arabic: حياة سندي; born 6 November 1967) is a Saudi Arabian biotechnologist and medical scientist who is one of the first female members of the Consultative Assembly of Saudi Arabia.

Dilip Mahalanabis (12 November 1934-16 October 2022) was an Indian paediatrician known for pioneering the use of oral rehydration therapy to treat diarrhoeal diseases.

Pandit Madhusudan Gupta (Bengali: মধুসূদন গুপ্ত) (1800-15 November 1856) was a Bengali Baidya translator and Ayurvedic practitioner who was also trained in Western medicine and is credited with having performed India's first human dissection at Calcutta Medical College (CMC) in 1836, almost 3,000 years after Susruta.

Anil Kumar Mandal is an Indian ophthalmologist and a consultant at L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad.

Liang Boqiang (Chinese: 梁伯强; 1 February 1899-28 November 1968, Jiaying, Guangdong, China) Chinese pathologist, member of Chinese Academy of Sciences, pioneer pathologist in China.

Sir Nilratan Sircar (1 October 1861-18 May 1943) was an Indian medical doctor, educationist, philanthropist and swadeshi entrepreneur.

Prions are responsible for prion diseases, which are fatal and transmissible neurodegenerative diseases affecting animals, including humans.

Vaccination is the administration of a vaccine to help the immune system develop immunity from a disease.

An antiseptic (Greek: ἀντί, romanized: anti, lit. 'against' and σηπτικός, sēptikos, 'putrefactive') is an antimicrobial substance or compound that is applied to living tissue to reduce the possibility of sepsis, infection, or putrefaction.

He shared the 1965 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Francois Jacob and Andre Lwoff "for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis"