Biology

Molecular biology is a branch of biology that seeks to understand the molecular structures and chemical processes that are the basis of biological activity within and between cells.

is a Taiwanese-American theoretical biologist, pharmacologist, cancer researcher

Infobox fields: Biology Natural history Zoology

Infobox fields: Physics and Biology

Infobox fields: Evolutionary biology

Infobox fields: Evolutionary biology; Population genetics

Infobox fields: Genetics, Developmental Biology, Neuroscience

Infobox fields: Geology; Geophysics; Geochemistry; Biology

Infobox fields: Phonology, morphology, linguistic typology, cognitive linguistics

Infobox fields: Hematology, Pediatric oncology, Stem cell biology

Infobox fields: Cytogenetics; Cytochemistry; Cell biology

Infobox fields: Pathology; Morphology; Microbiology; Kinesiology; Biological anthropology

Camillo Golgi (, ; 7 July 184321 January 1926) was an Italian biologist and pathologist who was awarded the 1906 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his works on the central nervous system.

Sir Richard Owen (20 July 1804-18 December 1892) was an English biologist, comparative anatomist and palaeontologist.

Thomas Henry Huxley (4 May 1825-29 June 1895) was an English biologist and anthropologist who specialised in comparative anatomy.

Lynn Margulis (born Lynn Petra Alexander; March 5, 1938, November 22, 2011) was an American evolutionary biologist, who was the primary modern proponent for the significance of symbiosis in evolution.

Émile Zuckerkandl (July 4, 1922, November 9, 2013) was an Austrian-born French biologist considered one of the founders of the field of molecular evolution.

Konstantin Sergeevich Mereschkowski (;, 9 January 1921) was a Russian biologist and botanist, active mainly around Kazan, whose research on lichens led him to propose the theory of symbiogenesis, that larger, more complex cells (of eukaryotes) evolved from the symbiotic relationship between less

Alexander Rich (15 November 1924 - 27 April 2015) was an American biologist and biophysicist.

Joshua Lederberg (May 23, 1925, February 2, 2008) was an American molecular biologist known for his work in microbial genetics, artificial intelligence, and the United States space program.

Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz ( ; ; May 28, 1807, December 14, 1873) was a Swiss-born American biologist and geologist who is recognized as a scholar of Earth's natural history.

Alexis Carrel (; 28 June 1873-5 November 1944) was a French surgeon and biologist who spent most of his scientific career in the United States.

Ernst Walter Mayr (; 5 July 1904 - 3 February 2005) was a German-American evolutionary biologist.

Sydney Brenner (13 January 1927-5 April 2019) was a South African biologist.

Nikolaas "Niko" Tinbergen ( , ; 15 April 1907-21 December 1988) was a Dutch biologist and ornithologist who shared the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Karl von Frisch and Konrad Lorenz for their discoveries concerning the organization and elicitation of individual and social

Howard Robert Horvitz ForMemRS (born May 8, 1947) is an American biologist whose research on the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans was awarded the 2002 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, together with Sydney Brenner and John E. Sulston, whose "seminal discoveries concerning the genetic

Sir John Edward Sulston (27 March 1942-6 March 2018) was a British biologist and academic who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work on the cell lineage and genome of the worm Caenorhabditis elegans in 2002 with his colleagues Sydney Brenner and Robert Horvitz at the MRC

Jack William Szostak (born November 9, 1952) is a Canadian American biologist of Polish British descent, Nobel Prize laureate, university professor at the University of Chicago, former professor of genetics at Harvard Medical School, and Alexander Rich Distinguished Investigator at Massachusetts

August Friedrich Leopold Weismann (; 17 January 18345 November 1914) was a German evolutionary biologist.

Henry Bryant Bigelow (October 3, 1879, December 11, 1967) was an American oceanographer and marine biologist.

Sylvia Alice Earle (born August 30, 1935) is an American marine biologist, oceanographer, explorer, writer, and lecturer.

Eric Francis Wieschaus (born June 8, 1947, in South Bend, Indiana) is an American evolutionary developmental biologist and 1995 Nobel Prize-winner.

Andrew Zachary Fire (born April 27, 1959) is an American biologist and professor of pathology and of genetics at the Stanford University School of Medicine.

Craig Cameron Mello (born October 18, 1960) is an American biologist and professor in the RNA Therapeutics Institute and Program for Molecular Medicine at the University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School in Worcester, Massachusetts.

Sir John Bertrand Gurdon (2 October 1933-7 October 2025) was a British developmental biologist, best known for his pioneering research in Cellular differentiation and nuclear transplantation and cloning.

Gerolamo Cardano (; also Girolamo or Geronimo; ; ; 24 September 1501, 21 September 1576) was an Italian polymath whose interests and proficiencies ranged through those of mathematician, physician, biologist, physicist, chemist, astrologer, astronomer, philosopher, music theorist, writer, and

Robert Hugh "Bob" Waterston, (born September 17, 1943) is an American biologist.

Douglas Cecil Wallace (born November 6, 1946) is a geneticist and evolutionary biologist at the University of Pennsylvania and the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia in Pennsylvania.

Michael Grunstein (August 30, 1946, February 18, 2024) was a Romanian-born American biologist and academic who was a Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Biological Chemistry at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA.

Charles David Allis (March 22, 1951, January 8, 2023) was an American molecular biologist, and the Joy and Jack Fishman Professor at the Rockefeller University.

Elliot Meyerowitz (born May 22, 1951) is an American biologist.

Bonnie Lynn Bassler (born 1962) is an American molecular biologist; the Squibb Professor in Molecular Biology and chair of the Department of Molecular Biology at Princeton University; and a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator.

Lynne Elizabeth Maquat is an American biochemist and molecular biologist whose research focuses on the cellular mechanisms of human disease.

Alfred Sherwood Romer (December 28, 1894, November 5, 1973) was an American paleontologist and biologist and a specialist in vertebrate evolution.

Gustaaf Adolf Frederik Molengraaff (27 February 1860-26 March 1942) was a Dutch geologist, biologist and explorer.

Steven M. Stanley (born November 2, 1941) is an American paleontologist and evolutionary biologist at the Florida State University.

Hugh Esmor Huxley (25 February 1924-25 July 2013) was a British molecular biologist who made important discoveries in the physiology of muscle.

John Maynard Smith (6 January 1920-19 April 2004) was a British theoretical and mathematical evolutionary biologist and geneticist.

Sir Martin John Evans FLSW (born 1 January 1941) is an English biologist who, with Matthew Kaufman, was the first to culture mice embryonic stem cells and cultivate them in a laboratory in 1981. He is also known, along with Mario Capecchi and Oliver Smithies, for his work in the development of the

Siddhartha Mukherjee (Bengali: সিদ্ধার্থ মুখার্জী; born 21 July 1970) is an Indian physician, biologist, and author.

Geerat J. Vermeij (born September 28, 1946) is a Dutch-born paleoecologist and evolutionary biologist in the Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences at the University of California, Davis.

Justin John Yerbury (3 May 1974-28 July 2023) was an Australian molecular biologist who was spurred to follow a career in biological research when he discovered that his family has the genetic form of motor neurone disease (MND).

Adriana Darielle Mejía Briscoe is an American evolutionary biologist and professor of ecology and evolutionary biology at the School of Biological Sciences at the University of California, Irvine.

Birendra Bijoy Biswas (1 March 1928-9 June 2018) was an Indian molecular biologist and a geneticist.

Chinmoy Sankar Dey (born 18 March 1961) is an Indian molecular biologist and a professor at Kusuma School of Biological Sciences of the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi.

Tapas Kumar Kundu (born 2 January 1962) is an Indian molecular biologist, academician and at present the Director of Central Drug Research Institute, a prestigious research institute of Council of Scientific and Industrial Research at Lucknow.

Suvendra Nath Bhattacharyya (born 4 October 1975) is an Indian molecular biologist, epigeneticist and the principal scientist at the Indian Institute of Chemical Biology of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research.

Claudia A.F. Wascher is an Austrian behavioural biologist, specialising in avian cognition and the evolution of social behaviour, mainly studying corvids and greylag geese.

Magdalena Bezanilla is a biologist and the Ernest Evert Just 1907 Professor at Dartmouth College.

Sidney Altman (May 7, 1939, April 5, 2022) was a Canadian-American molecular biologist, who was the Sterling Professor of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and Chemistry at Yale University.

Venkatraman Ramakrishnan (born 1952) is a British-American structural biologist.

Infobox fields: biology, beekeeping, apitherapy

Infobox fields: Immunology; Cell Biology

Infobox fields: Cell biology

Peter Courtland Agre (; born January 30, 1949) is a Nobel Laureate American physician, molecular biologist, Bloomberg Distinguished Professor at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and director of the Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute.

Aaron Ciechanover ( ; ; born October 1, 1947) is an Israeli biologist who won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for characterizing the method that cells use to degrade and recycle proteins using ubiquitin.

Irwin Allan Rose (July 16, 1926, June 2, 2015) was an American biologist.

Randy Wayne Schekman (born December 30, 1948) is an American cell biologist at the University of California, Berkeley, former editor-in-chief of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences and former editor of Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology.

In biology, cell theory is a scientific theory first formulated in the mid-nineteenth century, that living organisms are made up of cells, that they are the basic structural/organizational unit of all organisms, and that all cells come from pre-existing cells.

The Extended Evolutionary Synthesis (EES) consists of a set of theoretical concepts argued to be more comprehensive than the earlier modern synthesis of evolutionary biology that took place between 1918 and 1942. The extended evolutionary synthesis was called for in the 1950s by C. H. Waddington,

In biology, saltation (from Latin saltus 'leap, jump') is a sudden and large mutational change from one generation to the next, potentially causing single-step speciation.

The nocturnal bottleneck hypothesis is an evolutionary biology hypothesis to explain the origin of several mammalian traits.

In developmental biology, von Baer's laws of embryology (or laws of development) are four rules proposed by Karl Ernst von Baer to explain the observed patterns of embryonic development across different species.

The law of specific nerve energies is a principle in sensory physiology first proposed by Johannes Peter Müller in 1835. It states that the nature of perception is defined by the pathway over which the sensory information is carried.

In evolutionary biology, contingency describes how the outcome of evolution may be affected by the history of a particular lineage.

It uses tools from biology and chemistry, attempting a synthesis of many sciences.

In biology, evolution refers to observed changes in organisms over successive generations, to their descent from a common ancestor

John Burdon Sanderson Haldane (; 5 November 18921 December 1964), nicknamed "Jack" or "JBS", was a British-born scientist and polymath, and a foundational figure in the modern synthesis of evolutionary biology.

Emil von Behring (; Emil Adolf von Behring: born Emil Adolf Behring; 15 March 1854-31 March 1917), was a German physiologist.

Bernardo Alberto Houssay (April 10, 1887, September 21, 1971) was an Argentinian physiologist.

Sir Ian Wilmut (7 July 1944-10 September 2023) was an English embryologist and the chair of the Scottish Centre for Regenerative Medicine at the University of Edinburgh.

Charles Robert Richet (; 25 August 1850-4 December 1935) was a French physiologist at the Collège de France and immunology pioneer.

Corneille Jean François Heymans (28 March 1892-18 July 1968) was a Belgian physiologist.

Jeffrey I. Gordon is the Dr. Robert J. Glaser Distinguished University Professor and Director of The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology at Washington University School of Medicine.

Somdatta Sinha (born 1951) is an Indian researcher and professor of biology, who is one of the earliest to start working in the area of theoretical biology in India.

Shobhona Sharma (born 5 February 1953) is a professor specializing in immunology, molecular biology, and biochemistry at the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai.

was a Japanese biologist

is a German developmental biologist

was a French biologist

is a developmental and cell biologist

was a New Zealand biologist

was a British biologist

Biology

A prion ( ) is a misfolded protein that induces folding problems in normal variants of the same protein, leading to cellular death.

The Gaia hypothesis (), also known as the Gaia theory, Gaia paradigm, or the Gaia principle, proposes that living organisms interact with their inorganic surroundings on Earth to form a synergistic and self-regulating complex system that helps to maintain and perpetuate the conditions for life on the planet.

Panspermia (from Ancient Greek πᾶν (pan) 'all' and σπέρμα (sperma) 'seed') is the hypothesis that life exists throughout the universe, distributed by cosmic dust, meteoroids, asteroids, comets, and planetoids, as well as by spacecraft carrying unintended contamination by microorganisms, known as directed panspermia.

The theory of recapitulation, also called the biogenetic law or embryological parallelism, usually summarized as "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny", is a historical hypothesis that the development of the embryo of an animal, from fertilization to gestation or hatching (ontogeny), goes through stages resembling or representing successive adult stages in the evolution of the animal's remote ancestors (phylogeny).

Kin selection is a process whereby natural selection favours a trait due to its positive effects on the reproductive success of an organism's relatives, even when at a cost to the organism's own survival and reproduction.

The molecular clock is a figurative term for a technique that uses the mutation rate of biomolecules to deduce the time in prehistory when two or more life forms diverged.

The neutral theory of evolution holds that most of the genetic variation within and between species is due to random genetic drift of mutant alleles that are selectively neutral.

Symbiogenesis, also known as the endosymbiotic theory or serial endosymbiotic theory,) is the leading scientific theory for the evolutionary origin of eukaryotes from prokaryotic ancestors.

The RNA world is a hypothetical stage in the evolutionary history of life on Earth in which self-replicating RNA molecules proliferated before the evolution of DNA and proteins.

Evolution is the change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.

Darwinism is a term used to describe a theory of biological evolution developed by the English naturalist Charles Darwin (1809-1882) and his contemporaries.

Lamarckism, also known as Lamarckian inheritance or neo-Lamarckism, is the notion that an organism can pass on to its offspring physical characteristics that the parent organism acquired through use or disuse during its lifetime.

Evolutionism is a term used (often derogatorily) to denote the theory of evolution.

Mutationism is one of several alternatives to evolution by natural selection that have existed both before and after the publication of Charles Darwin's 1859 book On the Origin of Species.

The axial twist theory (a.k.a. axial twist hypothesis) is a proposed scientific theory to explain the optic chiasm and contralateral brain of vertebrates.

Within biological systems, degeneracy occurs when structurally dissimilar components/pathways can perform similar functions (i.e. are effectively interchangeable) under certain conditions, but perform distinct functions in other conditions.

Biogeography is the study of the distribution of species and ecosystems in geographic space and throughout geological time.

Biodiversity is the variability of life on Earth.